Amateka yose y'inkomoko n'iterambere rya sisitemu yo gufunga no gushyira ibirango bya LOTO

Amateka yose y'inkomoko n'iterambere rya sisitemu yo gufunga no gushyira ibirango bya LOTO
I. Icyiciro cy'inda: Uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara z'abantu bakuze (mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 - 1960)
Igitekerezo cya "gufunga abantu" cyagaragaye bwa mbere mu nganda za gari ya moshi.
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ubwo abakozi bo gusana gari ya moshi basanaga aho abantu bagana n'utubati two kugenzura ibimenyetso, bafungaga udusanduku tw'ibikoresho bakoresheje ingufuri kandi bakamanika ibyapa byo kuburira byanditseho intoki kugira ngo hirindwe ko abandi bakora amakosa. Iyi ni yo yari icyitegererezo cya mbere cya Tagout + igitekerezo cyoroshye cyo gukinga.
Ingamba zoroshye zo kuburira mu ruganda
Nyuma y’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda, impanuka nko gushwanyagurika kw’imashini no gukubita amashanyarazi zakunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gusana amakosa mu mazu yo gukata, imyenda, n’imashini. Ibigo byakoreshaga impapuro n’imbaho ​​z’ibiti gusa nk’ibimenyetso byo kwibutsa guhagarika imashini, ariko nta bikoresho byo kuyifunga byari bihari, kandi ibimenyetso byo kwiburira byakurwagaho byoroshye cyangwa bikirengagizwa, bigatuma habaho impanuka nyinshi.
Ingeso yoroshye yo gufunga mu nganda
Ibigo bimwe binini by’inganda byashyizeho amabwiriza y’imbere mu buryo bwigenga: Mbere yo gusana, bahagarikaga switch nyamukuru bagafunga switch bakoresheje ingufuri isanzwe, ariko nta gipimo ngenderwaho cyari gihari, nta ngufuri y’umutekano yihariye, kandi nta bikoresho byo gufunga abantu benshi byari bihari. Iki cyari igikorwa cyihariye kandi kidafite ishingiro, kandi nta buryo busanzwe bwashyizweho.
II. Amategeko Ateza Imbere Icyiciro: Guteza Imbere Amategeko Ashingiye ku Bibazo Biterwa n'Imvune Ziterwa n'Akazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (1970 – 1988)
1. Ikigo cy’amategeko cyo ku rwego rwo hejuru: Itegeko ry’umutekano n’ubuzima mu kazi ryo mu 1970
Amakuru y’ibyago by’inganda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu myaka ya 1960 yari atangaje. Mu 1970, igihugu cyose cyari gifite impuzandengo y’impfu z’abakozi 14.000 bazize imvune zikomoka ku kazi n’ibihumbi by’imvune zikomeye. Muri uwo mwaka, Nixon yasinye Itegeko rya OSH, rishyiraho OSHA - Ikigo gishinzwe umutekano n’ubuzima mu kazi cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, riha guverinoma ububasha bwo gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza agenga umutekano mu nganda. Ingingo rusange y’inshingano z’iri tegeko yari isanzwe isaba ibigo kugenzura ibyago byo gutangiza ibikoresho mu buryo bw’impanuka, ariko nta mategeko yihariye ya LOTO yari ahari.
2. Ishyirahamwe ry’Abakozi ryimakaje ishyirwaho ry’amahame shingiro (Urutonde rw’ingenzi mu 1979)
Mu nganda zikora imodoka, abakozi benshi bashinzwe kubungabunga imodoka bapfuye kubera kudafunga amasoko y'ingufu, kandi ibikoresho byaratangijwe nabi. Habayeho impanuka 22 nk'izo zihitana ubuzima mu nganda zikora imodoka gusa. Ishyirahamwe ry'abakozi b'imodoka (UAW) ryasabye OSHA gushyiraho amahame y'agateganyo yihutirwa cyane cyane yo kugenzura uburyo ingufu ziteje akaga zishyirwa mu kato no gufunga imodoka. Ubuyobozi bw'umutekano n'ubuzima mu kazi.
OSHA yakiriye icyo cyifuzo maze isohora umushinga w’itangazo ry’amahame ya LOTO mu 1980 nyuma y’imyaka 8 y’ubushakashatsi, ibiganiro rusange, no gusaba ibitekerezo by’ibigo. Imibare ishingiye ku buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga y’imvune zisaga 10.000 zikomoka ku gusana mu gihugu hose yemeje ko impanuka zirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’impanuka zatewe no kunanirwa gushyira ku ruhande ingufu ziteje akaga.
III. Ivuka ry’Ubuziranenge Mpuzamahanga: Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Amabwiriza ya LOTO mu 1989
Irekurwa ry'Amabwiriza y'Ishingiro
Ku ya 1 Nzeri 1989, OSHA yashyizeho ku mugaragaro itegeko rya 29 CFR 1910.147 rya leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika ryo kugenzura ingufu zibangamira umutekano (lockout tagout)”. Ryashyizwe mu bikorwa byuzuye ku ya 2 Mutarama 1990. Iyi yari yo sisitemu ya mbere ya LOTO yuzuye kandi yemewe n'amategeko ku isi, igaragaza iterambere rya LOTO kuva ku bikorwa bitandukanye kugeza ku bikorwa byemewe n'amategeko.
Udushya tw’ibanze (Gushyiraho gahunda ya none ya LOTO)
Gutandukanya ibimenyetso by'uburinzi byo gufunga by'ingoboka: Ibimenyetso by'uburinzi ni iby'inyongera gusa, kandi amashyiga y'ingufu afite imyobo yo gufunga agomba gufungwa ku ngufu;
Sobanura uburyo bwose busanzwe bwo gukora: Guhagarika - Guhagarika ingufu - Kurekura ingufu zisigaye - Gufunga - Igerageza kugira ngo urebe neza;
Ibikoresho byihariye bihuriweho: Ingufuri z'umutekano w'umuntu ku giti cye, imigozi miremire (gufunga abantu benshi), ingufuri z'urukiramende, ingufuri z'amapine, ibyerekanwa byo kuburira, sitasiyo zo gucunga ingufuri zihuriweho; Ibisabwa bikomeye mu mahugurwa, igenzura rihoraho, kubungabunga abantu benshi hakoreshejwe sisitemu yo gufunga umuntu umwe, bikuraho burundu ibyago byo gufungura imburagihe no gutangira gukora ku muntu umwe.
4. Gukwirakwiza no guteza imbere imiterere y'ahantu hatandukanye ku isi
Gukurikirana icyarimwe mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika
Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi wasohoye amabwiriza y’umutekano wa mekanike 2009/104/EC, akubiyemo byuzuye uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba za LOTO zo gutandukanya ingufu za OSHA, kandi ashyira mu bikorwa kimwe mu buryo bumwe lockout no tagging-out mu nganda z’i Burayi; Kanada na Ositaraliya na byo byashyizeho amabwiriza y’umutekano angana.
Ubushinwa bwashyizeho kandi bugashyira mu bikorwa amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu
Nyuma ya 2000, inganda nini z’amahanga, inganda zikora imiti, ingufu, n’imodoka mu Bushinwa ni zo zabanje gutangiza imicungire ya LOTO;
Mu 2017, hasohotse itegeko rigenga umutekano w’imashini rya GB/T 33579-2017 ku rwego rw’igihugu rivuga ngo “Umutekano w’imashini – Uburyo bwo Kugenzura Ingufu Zishobora Guhungabanya Ubuzima: Gufunga Ibikoresho”, rishyira LOTO mu bisabwa mu gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga umutekano mu ngo, rinashyiraho urunigi rwuzuye rw’umutekano mu nganda rufite imigozi miremire, ingufuri zo gucunga, n’ingufuri zose z’umutekano.
5. Ishingiro ry'Ivuka ry'Uburyo bw'Imiterere y'Iterambere
Sisitemu ya LOTO ntiyakozwe mu buryo butunguranye; yashinzwe binyuze mu mpanuka nyinshi zahitanye abantu mu gihe cyo kubungabunga, guteza imbere amasendika y'abakozi, amategeko ya leta, no gutanga ibikoresho bisanzwe:
Kwishingikiriza gusa ku byo umuntu yibutsa mu magambo no ku byapa by'impapuro ntibishobora gukumira uburangare bw'abantu;
Ni ngombwa kwishingikiriza ku ngufuri zifatika kugira ngo habeho uruzitiro rudashobora kunyurwamo；
Mu gihe cyo kubungabunga abantu benshi, gukoresha ingufuri za buckles ndende bituma habaho guhuza, bikarinda gutangira gukora ku buryo butunguranye;
Sitasiyo yo gufungira abantu mu buryo buhuriweho (Sitasiyo yo Gufunga Abakozi mu Buyobozi) itangwa nk'igisubizo cyo gukemura ibibazo by'ubuyobozi by'ibikoresho bitatanye no kudashobora kwinjiramo, bikabuza abakozi gusimbuka inzira yo gufunga.